The use of a proper leak detection system in pipelines is of crucial importance in water transmission systems. In these methods, we should consider the time and accuracy of leak detecting procedure for preventing energy loss and reducing environmental impacts. In these days, seawater transmission lines are used for cooling systems, and for injecting water into the oil wells to improve oil recovery. Due to the more environmental impacts of saltwater, the leak detection system must have appropriate accuracy and speed in leak detection. The purpose of this paper is to choose a leak detection system for a saltwater transmission line. First of all, the specifications of different leak detection systems are provided. Finally, according to the mentioned project conditions, the most suitable method-fiber optic system-is recommended for these conditions. The most important advantages of this system are high accuracy, rapid leak detecting, and the ability of online monitoring of other parameters, such as temperature distribution or detecting intrusion into the buried line areas. These abilities result in improving safety and optimizing operating costs.

Introduction: Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (ISCLS) is rarely seen, and presents with recurrent episodes of hypotension, shock, hemoconcentration, and hypoproteinemia. The main pathology is the dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, and it is characterized by an increase of capillary permeability that is accompanied by the loss of intravascular fluid and protein. Case Presentation: We present a 58-year-old female who presented with peripheral edema, leg pain, and syncope at the emergency department. Interestingly demyemilising neuropathy, which is a rare finding, ensued on day 4. She is still being treated using intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Conclusions: The early signs and symptoms of ISCLS may be subtle; therefore the diagnosis can easily be missed and prompt treatment of the syndrome may be postponed. Thus, the clinician must consider ISCLS in differential diagnosis in cases of hypotension, hemoconcentration, and hypoalbuminemia.

Eliminating the need for external manipulation due to the ability of hydrogels to sense the environmental stimuli and swelling, makes it suitable for sealing applications. As the matter of fact, many researchers from both academia andindustry have investigated hydrogel seals experimentally and numerically. In this work, by using constitutive models available in the literature, the sealing properties of rectangular hydrogel seals are numerically investigated. To investigate elastic leakage of hydrogel seals subjected to fluid pressure, leakage models of elastomeric ones are implemented. The methods are validated by comparing the result of the model with available experiments in the literature. Afterward, the mechanism of leakage of hydrogel seal is presented, and then, parameter studies are carried out. It has been found that increasing the cross-link density, hydrogel length, and the ratio of hydrogel thickness to the gap it seals increases the value of fluid pressure associated with leakage.